Education in India

Data and statistics on education in India

For handy reference.

• LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 235 - ANSWERED ON 27.02.2007 As per the 7th All India School Education Survey (with reference date as on 30.9.2002) conducted by the NCERT, out of a total of 63,576 secondary schools in rural areas, 29,071 (45.72%) were privately managed. Out of them, 16,694 (26.25%) were private aided and 12,377 (19.47%) were private un-aided.

• LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 954 - ANSWERED ON 06.03.2007
  65% of the 6,306 teacher training institutions in India recognised by the National Council for Teacher Education are in just 5 states - Karnataka (1,102), Maharashtra (881), Uttar Pradesh (782), Tamil Nadu (719) and Gujarat (585).

• RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 4153 - ANSWERED ON 14.05.2007
  288 proposals / requests for inclusion in the list of colleges prepared under Section 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956, were either pending or under correspondence with the UGC as on 31.03.2007, of which 64% were in just 5 states - Maharashtra (81), Uttar Pradesh (32), Madhya Pradesh (29), Kerala and Orissa (21 each).

• RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 2805 - ANSWERED ON 10.09.2007
  According to the information furnished by the University Grants Commission (UGC), there are 388 Degree granting institutions (as on 16.8.2007) including under Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956. These Degree granting institutions comprise
  221 State Universities,
  24 Central Universities,
  11 Private Universities,
  114 Institutions Deemed to be Universities,
  13 Institutions of National Importance and
  5 Institutions established under State legislations.
  Of the 232 State universities (including 11 Private Universities), 161 universities are recognized by the UGC for grants under Section 12B of the UGC Act.

  According to a state-wise list of 371 recognized State Universities/ Private Universities/ Central Universities/ and Deemed to be Universities in India as on 16.08.2007, Maharashtra has 41, Tamil Nadu has 35, Uttar Pradesh has 35, Karnataka has 25, Andhra Pradesh has 24, Rajasthan has 22 and Gujarat has 21.

• RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 3388 ANSWERED ON 07.05.2007
  According to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, 38 Indian companies have received FDI inflows in education sector during the period from April, 2004 to December, 2006. According to the All India Council. for Technical Education, three Indian institutions have been approved by them for foreign collaboration programmes. Some proposals from Indian Education Providers for collaboration with Foreign Universities/Institutions to impart technical education in India leading to award of Diploma, Degree including Post Graduate Degrees are being processed by them.

• LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 3623 - ANSWERED ON 27.04.2007
  The amount collected through the Education Cess for the years 2004-05, 2005-06 and 2006-07 (Upto Feb` 2007) is as under (Rs. in crore) :
  Financial Year 2004-05: Direct Taxes - 1,804.51 and Indirect Taxes 2,514
  Financial Year 2005-06: Direct Taxes - 3,213.75 and Indirect Taxes 4,424
  Financial Year 2006-07: Direct Taxes - 2,982.00 and Indirect Taxes 3,851
  (upto Feb. 2007)

  The proceeds of the Education Cess credited to Prarambhik Shiksha Kosh are spent on Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDM) which are being implemented to achieve the goal of universalization of elementary education. Each year, after exhausting the funds provided by way of Gross Budgetary Support for the schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Mid-Day Meal, subsequent expenditure on these schemes is financed from Prarambhik Shiksha Kosh.

• LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 4224 - ANSWERED ON 04.05.2007
  According to the available official statistics, the expenditure on R&D in the field of Science & Technology as percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 0.8% during the year 2002-03 in India.

  For perspective, countries spending the most on S&T as a % of their GDP were Israel (5.11%), Sweden (4.27%), Japan (3.11%), S. Korea (2.91%), USA (2.67%), Germany (2.64%) and France (2.27%). Among other countries, China spent (1.23%), Russia (1.24%) and Brazil (1.04%) and U.K. (1.88%).

• LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 5642 - ANSWERED ON 16.05.2007
  There are 16,540 private dental colleges in India, of which 63% are in just 5 states - Karnataka (2,840), Uttar Pradesh (2,510), Maharastra (1,990), Andhra Pradesh (1,610) and Tamil Nadu (1,380).
  The Dental Council of India had made a proposal for imposing moratorium on opening of new dental colleges in the country for a period of 5 years. However, the Central Government has not agreed to the said proposal, keeping in view the fact that permissions for opening of new Dental Colleges are granted only on compliance of the requirements laid down in the Regulations and the need for more dentists to ensure better oral health.

• RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 2917 - ANSWERED ON 30.04.2007
  The University Grants Commission (UGC) has been inviting fresh proposals each year for grant of autonomous status to eligible colleges under its Scheme of Autonomous Colleges. Any university may also send circulars asking its affiliated colleges to apply. The number of Autonomous Colleges has grown from 204 as on 31.3.2005 to 265 at present.

• RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 148 - ANSWERED ON 13.08.2007
  As per the information furnished by All India Council For Technical Education (AICTE), the number of engineering colleges recognized as on 31st July, 2007 is 1617. 403 new engineering colleges have applied for recognition with AICTE in the academic year 2007-08 out of which 106 engineering colleges fulfill the norms and have been issued letter of approval. According to the state-wise list of engineering colleges, Andhra Pradesh has 292 with 113 fresh applications, Tamil Nadu has 286 with 53 fresh applications, Maharashtra has 181 with 21 fresh applications, Karnataka has 134 with 23 fresh applications and Uttar Pradesh has 125 with 43 fresh applications. 63% of the engineering colleges are in just 5 states.

• RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 2677 - ANSWERED ON 15.12.2006
  The number of medical colleges as on 31st March, 2006 was 242. State-wise number of medical colleges is given in the statement at Annexure.

  As per the information on the web site of the Medical Council of India (MCI), the number of medical colleges in India offering MBBS as on 16.11.2007 is 271, of which 255 are recognised. 63% of the medical colleges are in just 6 states - Maharashtra (40), Karnataka (39), Andhra Pradesh (32), Tamil Nadu (25), Kerala (18), Uttar Pradesh (16).
  The number of MBBS seats in India as on 16.11.2007 is about 30,000, of which 66% are in the same 6 states mentioned above.

  As per the answer to RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 4086 - ANSWERED ON 11.05.2007, The Central Government does not maintain data regarding number of candidates who apply for Post Graduate Medical Courses and the number of Post Graduate Seats available in the country during the last five years. However, the number of seats available in various PG courses as on 4.5.2007 is 11,005. The State-wise details are in the Annexure. The Essentiality and desirability to increase the number of PG seats in Medical Colleges is determined by the respective State Governments/UTs based on their needs, priorities and availability of resources. Based on such essentiality and desirability, the Central Government grants permission under section 10(A) of IMC Act, 1956 to increase the seats in Medical Colleges after obtaining the recommendations of Medical Council of India in this regard.
  

NUEPA's Educational Development Index (EDI) for states - southern states on top

RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 654 (answered on November 26, 2007)

654. DR. GYAN PRAKASH PILANIA

Will the Minister of HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:-

(a) the details of ranking of States done by National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA) in elementary education;

(b) the details of parameters of Educational Development Index (EDI), which formed the basis of ranking;

(c) how this ranking and EDI of different States, reflects upon the performance of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in those States; and

(d) which are BIMARU States and what steps have been taken to improve their performance?

ANSWER

MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (SHRI M.A.A. FATMI)

(a) to (c) To assess progress of States and Union Territories towards the goal of Universalisation of Elementary Education, an Educational Development Index (EDI), has been developed by National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA). The EDI has been developed on four broad parameters of access, infrastructure, teacher related indicators and elementary education outcomes. State-wise ranking on a composite index for primary and upper primary level of education based on 2005-06 data, is given at Annexure.

(d) Educationally Backward States receive priority in allocation of funds under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. In addition, capacity building of these States through trainings and workshops has been undertaken, especially in components in which these States are not performing well.

The top 8 states include the five southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh and the three northern states - Delhi, Chandigarh and Himachal Pradesh.

Bihar is right at the bottom and way below Jharkand its neighbour both in geographical and EDI terms. That's where the focus of the Central Government and a major chunk of its funding ought to be, if the rest of the country is not to be dragged down by Jharkand and Bihar in the coming decades.

West Bengal is quite surpisingly at the bottom end of the pile. I hadn't thought of them as being so far behind in terms of elementary education.

Addendum:
i-Government provides more details of the methodology used by NUEPA to determine the EDI.

Education think-tank National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA) has developed an Educational Development Index (EDI) to track progress of states towards Universal Elementary Education (UEE) for primary and upper primary levels as well as for a composite look at Elementary Education.

The EDI ranking is expected to enable more effective targeting of SSA to the most backward districts. It would also help to encourage the states to improve their performance and have a closer look at both the inputs and the outputs of the parameters that affect elementary education.

The EDI has been developed keeping in mind four broad parameters—access, infrastructure, teacher related indicators and outcomes. The index takes into account 22 variables.

These variables include:

• Access—percentage of habitations not served, availability of schools per 1000 population.
• Infrastructure—average student-classroom ratio, school with student-classroom ratio greater than 60, school without drinking water facilities, schools with separate toilets for boys and girls as required.
• Teachers—percentage of female teachers, pupil-teacher ratio, school with pupil-teacher ratio greater than 60, single-teacher schools-in schools with more than 15 students, percentage of schools with less than three or less teachers, teachers without professional qualification and
• Outcome: gross enrolment ratio overall, scheduled castes: gross enrolment ratio, schedule tribes: gross enrolment ratio, gender parity index enrolment: repetition rate, drop-out rate, ratio of exit class over Class I enrolment-primary stage only, percentage of passed children to total enrolment, percentage of appeared children, passing with 60 per cent and above marks.

Anil Kumble to be Manipal Education's brand ambassador

In what could be a harbinger of things to come, the brand marketing of formal education has begun and it is no bad thing. Manipal Education Group, which runs Manipal University (formerly known as Manipal Academy of Higher Education - MAHE) announced in November 2007 that they had signed up Anil Kumble as their brand ambassador.

While Vishwanathan Anand has been NIIT's brand ambassador for nearly a decade, to my knowledge, this is the first instance of a Indian university/college signing up a brand ambassador.

Education in India, and higher education in particular, has long been subjected to a supply-demand gap, with demand far outstripping supply. Institutions have had no need to market themselves with the number of applicants typically being a huge multiple of the number of available seats. But as institutions strive to buy "peer influence" from their own customers, their students, the competition for above average students has begun in right earnest.

While this kind of competition is likely to result in the better run institutions getting better over time, the poorly run institutions may only be able to attract those students who are unable to make it to the better run institutions and the quality of such institutions could decline over time relative to the quality of the better run institutions. One important thing that is currently lacking and needs to be addressed is a mechanism for "mergers and acquisitions" amongst educational institutions. There ought to be a way for poorly run institutions to be acquired by the better run institutions, so that they can be quickly turned around to increase the supply of seats in better run institutions.

This will require policy changes, which can only be achieved by consistent advocacy.